biodiversity
|
the variety of living organisms on earth
and the recognition of the need to maintain and protect this
diversity
|
biosphere
|
the realm of earth that includes all plant
and animal life forms
|
cadastral map
|
a map which shows property
boundaries
|
counter- urbanisation
|
a marked decline in the total population,
or growth of the population, of large metropolitan areas and the subsequent
growth of smaller urban centres at their expense—first identified in North
America in the 1 970s where counterurbanisation had replaced urbanisation as the
dominant force shaping the nation's settlement pattern
|
developing countries
|
a category of countries compiled by the
Development Assistance Committee of the OECD including all countries and
territories in Africa except South Africa, in Asia except Japan, in Oceania
except Australia and New Zealand, in the Americas except Canada and the USA and
the following in West Europe: Albania, Cyprus, Gibralta, Greece, Malta,
Portugal, Turkey and former Yugoslavia
|
ecological dimension
|
describes the relationship between people
and the environment and the effect that they have on each other
|
ecologically sustainable
development
|
using, conserving and enhancing the
community's resources so the ecological processes are maintained
so that quality of life, now and in the future, can be
increased |
ecosystem
|
a system formed by the interaction of all
living organisms (plants, animals, humans) with each other and with the physical
elements of the environment in which they live
|
environment
|
the 'total surroundings' including the
components of the biophysical world, and the cultural, social, political and
economic contexts of people
|
environmental impact
assessments
|
a detailed study for a proposed development
that identifies and describes the environment, predicts any likely changes that
might result from such as a proposal, assesses the significance of any predicted
changes and reports through an environmental impact statement which makes
provision for community consultation
|
exurbanisation
|
a process whereby people, usually affluent,
move from the city to rural areas but continue to maintain an urban way of life
either through long distance commuting or technology
|
geographical issues
|
areas of concern that arise due to changes
resulting from the interaction within environments and which can be investigated
from spatial and/or ecological dimensions
|
geographical processes
|
the combination of physical and human
forces that form and transform our world
|
GIS
|
Geographical Information Systems:
integrated computer tools for the handling, processing and analysing of
geographical data
|
mega cities
|
very large agglomerations of at least 8
million inhabitants; the UN lists 22 mega cities of the developing world circa
2000: Mexico City, Lima, Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Lagos, Cairo,
Istanbul, Tehran, Karachi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Delhi, Calcutta, Bangkok, Dhaka,
Shanghai, Tianjin, Beijing, Seoul, Metro Manilla, Jakarta
|
nation-state
|
the political unit of people living in a
defined territory, with government authority in their economy, political
organisation and external security
|
non-government organisations (NGOs)
|
groups of people in the community focused
around a common aim whether it be to raise money for projects, environmental
action, political or social change, varying in complexity from CARE Australia to
the Women's Federation for World Peace
|
spatial exclusion
|
refers to the defence of luxury lifestyles
which have resulted in restrictions in spatial access and the freedom of
movement of other urban dwellers. It is manifest in' high security suburbs',
'walled estates' and security conscious retail-business
complexes
|
spatial dimension
|
describes where things are and why they are
there
|
spatial interdependence
|
the degree to which phenomena depend on
each other for development and/or survival. Spatial interdependence implies that
a spatial association exists
|
spatial patterns
|
a key theme in geography that includes the
concepts of location, distribution, spatial organisation and spatial
differentiation
|
sustainability
|
the ability to meet the needs of the
present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their needs
|
transnational corporations
(TNCs)
|
large business enterprises with a number of
branches operating in several countries but with usually a central head office
in a developed country, whose powers transcend national
boundaries
|
urban village
|
distinctive residential districts
comprising a clustering of people with a common culture and forming an
identifiable community
|
world city
|
a large city that has outstripped its
national urban network and become part of an international global system;
centres of political power, world trade and communications, leaders in banking
and finance, stage, world entertainment and sporting spectacles, the
headquarters of NGOs and tourist meccas. They are command centres in the
borderless domain of the new global economy
|
|