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Pericles
Pericles’ family and political career
Outcomes
Principal focus
Brief
overview of Pericles
Pericles’ family background and education
Pericles’ roles as general (strategos) and politician
More
Outcomes
| H 1.1 | describe and assess the significance of key people, groups, events, institutions, societies and sites within the historical context |
| H 4.1 | use historical terms and concepts appropriately |
| H 3.4 | explain and evaluate differing perspectives and interpretations of the past |
The Principal Focus of this study is that students gain an understanding of Pericles in the context of his time.
Personalities can influence the course of history. By synthesising information students can construct an evaluation of Pericles’ significance and legacy.
There is quite a lot of
evidence from this period, but not so much on Pericles and his
life. This evidence deals primarily with Pericles’ role in the Peloponnesian War (431 BC): causes, strategies and leadership.
Brief overview of Pericles
Pericles is remembered
because his name has become synonymous with the Peloponnesian War, fifth century Greece, Classical Athens and Athenian
democracy.
One of the main reasons we
know about Pericles is because he was held in such great awe
by Thucydides, author of the (incomplete) history of the
Peloponnesian War from 431 to 404 BC and general in the same war.
Thucydides wrote about other great personalities who participated
in this war but Pericles stands out as the greatest of all the
leading figures. Thucydides presents Pericles as:
- a visionary who was first and foremost an Athenian and who wanted Athens to be the most important Greek city state of the fifth century. He was able to have Pericles say of Athens in his funeral oration at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War:
“In a word then, I say that our city as a whole is the school of Hellas...”
(Thucydides 2, 37-47)
Had Pericles’ war strategy been followed. Athens would almost certainly have won the Peloponnesian War.
- invaluable to Athenian democracy. This is evidence by the fact that Pericles was elected as strategos (general) sixteen times between 445 BC and 430 BC. Pericles maintained his influence on the Athenian political scene for almost thirty-five years.
Pericles’ family background and education
Pericles was born in
Athens in the state of Attica in 494 BC into a very distinguished
Athenian family. His father, Xanthippus , belonged to an eminent
political family and served as strategos during the Persian War
in 479 BC attaining hero status as a result. Pericles’
mother, Agariste, was a member of the Alcmaeonid family, famous
for its long involvement in Athens’ political history.
Cleisthenes, the famous reformer of the Athenian government in
507 BC, was Pericles’ great-uncle.
Pericles had a traditional
education for an Athenian boy of the fifth century. This involved
training in rhetoric, oratory and philosophy, recital of the epic
poems of Homer, appreciation of music and gymnastics.
Revision
1. Who wrote about
Pericles and why?
2. What did Pericles want
for Athens?
3. What family connections
may have helped Pericles in his political career?
4. What educational
training would have helped Pericles in his political
career?
Pericles’ roles as general (strategos) and politician
The government of Athens
in the time of Pericles is usually regarded as the best example
of direct demokratia (democracy). The word
demokratia comes from a combination of two Greek words;
demos (people) and kratein (to rule).
Demokratia therefore means government by the
people.
Pericles was first and
foremost an Athenian citizen. He was a member of the upper
classes but had the same rights and privileges as every other
Athenian citizen. This meant he could vote and stand for election
to any of the magistracies in Athens. (Aristotle, a
Greek fourth century philosopher who wrote “The Athenian
Constitution”, claims there were 700 magistracies.) He
could also participate in the Heliaea (people’s
court) or Boule (council) if selected by lot and in the
Ecclesia (assembly).
The magistracy that
Pericles did stand for was that of strategos. This had
become the main political position in Athens at this time.
Although the primary function of the strategos was to be a
military general, he could also call meetings of the
Ecclesia and give political advice.
Like all the magistrates,
the strategos had to undergo public scrutiny. This meant
he could be brought to trial or fined if the Athenians suspected
him of any wrong doing in relation to his work. In 431-30 BC
Pericles was fined and removed from office because Athenian
citizens were upset about the hardships they had to face during
those first two years of the Peloponnesian War.
Another way of removing a
magistrate from office was via ostracism (exile from
Attica for ten years). Some famous Athenians were ostracised; the
historian Thucydides and Pericles’ father, Xanthippus,
among them. Pericles was never ostracised.
Even though Pericles was
an Athenian citizen who held his position constitutionally,
Thucydides still wrote:
“So, in what was
nominally a democracy, power was really in the hands of the first
citizen.” (Thucydides 2, 65)
Earlier in the same
passage Thucydides wrote:
“The reason for this
was that Pericles, because of his position, his intelligence, and
his known integrity, could respect the liberty of the people and
at the same time hold them in check. It was he who led them,
rather than they who led him........” (Thucydides 2.
65)
Under Pericles the
Athenian government became more democratic than it had been
previously.
Pericles’ importance
to Athens in summed up by Thucydides:
“..it was under him
that Athens’ was at her greatest”
(Thucydides 2.
65)
More
Thucydides, History of
the Peloponnesian War, Penguin Classics, 1972, London
(translated by Rex Warner).
The Greeks 
These are 11 sites in all,
dealing with Pericles’ life and Athens in the fifth
century.
Footnotes
